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Interactions of Cannabis and Amphetamine-Type Stimulants

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Cannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation

Abstract

Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) are a large family of substances of abuse, characterized by well-known mood- and performance-enhancing properties. This class encompasses several high-potency stimulants and entactogens, such as the precursor compound d-amphetamine (AMPH), its synthetic N-methylated derivatives methamphetamine (METH) and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”), as well as novel designer drugs, based on substituted forms of the natural alkaloid cathinone. ATSs (and in particular METH) are among the most commonly abused substances worldwide, second only to Cannabis sativa; indeed, the rate of concurrent consumption of METH and cannabis has been increasing over the last decade, particularly among adolescents. Anecdotal evidence suggests that marijuana may offset some unpleasant subjective effects of ATSs, such as anxiety and paranoia. Both drugs have been shown to increase schizophrenia vulnerability in young vulnerable individuals, raising the possibility that their concurrent intake may have synergistic effects with respect to the development of psychotic manifestations. In addition, the combination of these two substances may affect their subjective effects and exacerbate their abuse liability. Although current evidence on the neurobiological interactions of cannabis and ATSs remains mostly elusive, initial studies in animal models suggest that the cannabinoid system may play a relevant role in the motivational and addictive properties of ATSs; furthermore, cannabinoids may modify the behavioral effects and even attenuate some untoward long-term consequences of ATSs. In this chapter we review the available evidence on these potential interactions and outline some key mechanisms that may account for the mutual modulatory influence of these substances.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Nowadays, the therapeutic applications of ATSs are mostly limited to low-potency compounds, which carry a very limited liability for dependence. Notably, low doses of the dextrorotatory enantiomers of AMPH and METH are still approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

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Acknowledgments

This chapter was partially supported by grants from the National Institute of Health (R21HD070611) and the Tourette Syndrome Association.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA

    Simone Tambaro & Marco Bortolato

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Correspondence to Marco Bortolato .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

    Patrizia Campolongo

  2. Institute of Neuroscience CNR, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

    Liana Fattore

Glossary of Acronyms

2-AG

2-arachidonoylglycerol

5-HT

Serotonin

ADHD

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

AMPH

d-amphetamine

ATSs

Amphetamine-type stimulants

CB1

Cannabinoid receptors type 1

CB2

Cannabinoid receptor type 2

CBD

Cannabidiol

CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid

DA

Dopamine

DARPP-32

Dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa

DAT

Dopamine transporter

DSE

Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation

FAAH

Fatty acid amide hydrolase

GABA

γ-aminobutyric acid

KO

Knockout

LTD

Long-term depression

LTP

Long-term potentiation

MAO

Monoamine oxidase

MDMA

3, 4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine

METH

Methamphetamine

NAPE

N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine

NE

Norepinephrine

PKA

Protein kinases A

PKCΔ

Protein kinases C delta

ROSs

Reactive oxygen species

TAAR1

Trace amine associated receptor 1

THC

Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

TRPV1

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1

VMAT2

Vesicular monoamine transporter 2

VTA

Ventral tegmental area

β-PEA

β-phenylethylamine

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Tambaro, S., Bortolato, M. (2015). Interactions of Cannabis and Amphetamine-Type Stimulants. In: Campolongo, P., Fattore, L. (eds) Cannabinoid Modulation of Emotion, Memory, and Motivation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2294-9_16

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